How can hormonal changes contribute to acne formation?

Hormonal changes can significantly contribute to acne formation, particularly through the mechanism of increased sebum production and the subsequent clogging of pores. During puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and other hormonal fluctuations, androgens, such as testosterone, are often elevated. These hormones stimulate sebaceous glands in the skin to produce more sebum, which is the oily substance that keeps skin moisturized.

When sebum production increases, it can lead to an overabundance of oil on the skin's surface. This excess oil, combined with dead skin cells, can clog hair follicles. The clogged follicles create an environment that is conducive to the growth of acne-causing bacteria, which is a key factor in the development of acne lesions. The inflammation from this process can result in various forms of acne, ranging from whiteheads and blackheads to more severe cystic acne.

In contrast, the other options regarding changes such as increasing skin elasticity or decreasing sebum production do not accurately reflect the hormonal regulation of acne. Enhancing the immune response to bacteria, while beneficial in fighting infections, does not directly relate to the hormonal triggers that influence sebum production and pore blockage. Therefore, focusing on how hormones facilitate the increase of sebum production and constrain pore clearance is essential